Which of the following has the most direct effect of minimizing the risk of heart disease?

Avoiding smoking has a direct and significant effect on minimizing the risk of heart disease. Smoking is known to damage blood vessels and heart tissue, which can lead to the development of cardiovascular diseases. The harmful chemicals in tobacco smoke contribute to the buildup of plaque in the arteries, increase heart rate and blood pressure, and promote blood clotting, all of which heighten the risk of heart disease.

While engaging in regular exercise, eating a balanced diet, and managing stress also play important roles in heart health, their effects may not be as immediate or direct as the benefits derived from quitting smoking. Regular exercise and a healthy diet contribute to overall heart health by improving cardiovascular fitness, managing weight, and regulating cholesterol levels. Effective stress management can help lower blood pressure and reduce strain on the heart. However, eliminating smoking reduces one of the most significant risk factors for heart disease, making it a critical focus in any health strategy aimed at reducing cardiovascular risk.